Field specific monitoring of yellow dwarf disease aphid vectors and factors influencing their immigration

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Neonicotinoid insecticide seed treatments were withdrawn from use on cereal crops in the European Union (EU) in 2018 exposing the crops to yellow dwarf viruses transmitted by cereal aphids. To reduce prophylactic pyrethroid sprays there is a need for easier, field-specific monitoring techniques given that pest incidence is spatially and temporally highly sporadic. A field-specific monitoring method based on the use of yellow sticky traps mounted horizontally just above the crop was developed and evaluated to determine: (i) predictive capabilities of the sticky trap system, (ii) practicalities of use by farmers and agronomists, and (iii) whether landscape composition, boundary type and type of tillage affect immigration of aphid vectors.
RESULTS: Yellow sticky traps effectively sampled winged cereal aphids and identified spatial differences in immigration patterns within- and between fields. Farmers and agronomist's aphid identification skills need improving, although they could detect aphid trends with minimal training. At least three times more cereal aphids were captured in crop headlands, especially next to taller field boundaries indicating that wind currents determined aphid immigration patterns within fields. Considerable between field aphid immigration was detected (24% of fields had no aphid immigration) even on the same farm. Levels of immigrating grain aphids were positively related to the proportion of grassland in the landscape. Tillage type had no impact on levels of immigrating aphids.
CONCLUSION: Field-based monitoring and different management of headland areas could be used to reduce insecticide usage when controlling of cereal/barley yellow dwarf virus.